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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Strategy" title="Strategy">Strategy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#DDFFDD;;color: var(--color-base)">Analysis methods</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Strategy" title="Strategy">Strategy</a> • <a href="Strategic_management" title="Strategic management">Strategic management</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Military strategy</a> • <a href="Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">Strategic studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Strategic_planning" title="Strategic planning">Strategic planning</a> • <a href="Strategic_thinking" title="Strategic thinking">Strategic thinking</a></li>

<li><a href="Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">Decision theory</a> • <a href="Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#DDFFDD;;color: var(--color-base)">Major thinkers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Michael_Porter" title="Michael Porter">Michael Porter</a>  • <a href="Rita_Gunther_McGrath" title="Rita Gunther McGrath">Rita Gunther McGrath</a></li>

<li><a href="Bruce_Henderson" title="Bruce Henderson">Bruce Henderson</a>  • <a href="Gary_Hamel" title="Gary Hamel">Gary Hamel</a></li>

<li><a href="Candace_A._Yano" title="Candace A. Yano">Candace A. Yano</a>  • <a href="C._K._Prahalad" title="C. K. Prahalad">C. K. Prahalad</a></li>

<li><a href="James_C._Collins" title="James C. Collins">Jim Collins</a>  • <a href="B._H._Liddell_Hart" title="B. H. Liddell Hart">Liddell Hart</a></li>

<li><a href="Carl_von_Clausewitz" title="Carl von Clausewitz">Carl von Clausewitz</a>  • <a href="Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li>

<li><a href="Julian_Corbett" title="Julian Corbett">Julian Corbett</a>  • <a href="Alfred_Thayer_Mahan" title="Alfred Thayer Mahan">Alfred Thayer Mahan</a></li>

<li><a href="J.C._Wylie" title="J.C. Wylie">J.C. Wylie</a>  • <a href="Adrian_Slywotzky" title="Adrian Slywotzky">Adrian Slywotzky</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharon_Oster" title="Sharon Oster">Sharon Oster</a>  • <a href="Chris_Zook" title="Chris Zook">Chris Zook</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Mintzberg" title="Henry Mintzberg">Henry Mintzberg</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#DDFFDD;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Business_model" title="Business model">Business model</a>  • <a href="Competitive_advantage" title="Competitive advantage">Competitive advantage</a></li>

<li><a href="Value_chain" title="Value chain">Value chain</a>  • <a href="Performance_effects" title="Performance effects">Performance effects</a></li>

<li><a href="Core_competency" title="Core competency">Core competency</a> • <a href="Porter's_generic_strategies" title="Porter's generic strategies">Generic strategies</a></li>

<li><a href="Mission_statement" title="Mission statement">Mission statement</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#DDFFDD;;color: var(--color-base)">Frameworks and tools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="SWOT_analysis" title="SWOT analysis">SWOT</a> • <a href="Porter's_five_forces_analysis" title="Porter's five forces analysis">Five forces</a></li>

<li><a href="Balanced_scorecard" title="Balanced scorecard">Balanced scorecard</a> • <a href="Ansoff_matrix" title="Ansoff matrix">Ansoff matrix</a></li>

<li><a href="OGSM" title="OGSM">OGSM</a> • <a href="Managerial_grid_model" title="Managerial grid model">Managerial grid model</a></li>

<li><a href="PEST_analysis" title="PEST analysis">PEST analysis</a> • <a href="Growth%E2%80%93share_matrix" title="Growth–share matrix">Growth–share matrix</a></li>

<li><a href="Segmenting-targeting-positioning" title="Segmenting-targeting-positioning">STP</a> • <a href="MECE_principle" title="MECE principle">MECE principle</a></li>

<li><a href="Business_Model_Canvas" class="mw-redirect" title="Business Model Canvas">Business Model Canvas</a> • <a href="Kraljic_matrix" title="Kraljic matrix">Kraljic matrix</a></li>

<li><a href="Strategic_Grid_Model" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategic Grid Model">Strategic Grid Model</a> •  • <a href="VRIO" title="VRIO">VRIO</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<p>In <a href="Management" title="Management">management</a>, a <b>strategy map</b> is a diagram that documents the strategic goals being pursued by an <a href="Organization" title="Organization">organization</a> or <a href="Senior_management" title="Senior management">management team</a>. It is an element of the documentation associated with the <a href="Balanced_Scorecard" class="mw-redirect" title="Balanced Scorecard">Balanced Scorecard</a>, and in particular is characteristic of the second generation of Balanced Scorecard designs that first appeared during the mid-1990s. The first diagrams of this type appeared in the early 1990s, and the idea of using this type of diagram to help document Balanced Scorecard was discussed in a paper by <a href="Robert_S._Kaplan" title="Robert S. Kaplan">Robert S. Kaplan</a> and <a href="David_P._Norton" title="David P. Norton">David P. Norton</a> in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-cmrarticle_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmrarticle-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The strategy map idea featured in several books and articles during the late 1990s by Robert S. Kaplan and David P. Norton. Their original book in 1996, "The Balanced Scorecard, Translating strategy into action", contained diagrams which are later called strategy maps, but at this time they did not refer to them as such.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaplan & Norton's second book, The Strategy Focused Organization, explicitly refers to strategy maps and includes a chapter on how to build them.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time, they said that "the relationship between the drivers and the desired outcomes constitute the hypotheses that define the strategy". Their Third book, Strategy Maps, goes into further detail about how to describe and visualise the strategy using strategy maps.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Kaplan and Norton approach to strategy maps has:

</p>

<ul><li>An underlying framework of horizontal perspectives arranged in a cause and effect relationship, typically Financial, Customer, Process and Learning & Growth</li>

<li>Objectives within those perspectives. Each objective as text appearing within a shape (usually an oval or rectangle). Relatively few objectives (usually fewer than 20)</li>

<li>Vertical sets of linked objectives that span the perspectives. These are called strategic themes.</li>

<li>Clear cause-and-effect relationships between these objectives, across the perspectives. The strategic themes represent hypotheses about how the strategy will bring about change to the outcomes of the organisation.</li></ul>

<p>Across a broader range of published sources, a looser approach is sometimes used. In these approaches, there are only a few common attributes. Some approaches use a more broad causal relationships between objectives shown with arrows that either join objectives together, or placed in a way not linked with specific objectives but to provide general euphemistic indications of where causality lies. For instance, Olve and Wetter, in their 1999 book Performance Drivers, also describe early performance driver models, but do not refer to them as strategy maps.<sup id="cite_ref-owbook_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-owbook-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The purpose of the strategy map in Balanced Scorecard design, and its emergence as a design aid, is discussed in some detail in a research paper on the evolution of Balanced Scorecard designs during the 1990s by Lawrie & Cobbold.<sup id="cite_ref-3garticle_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3garticle-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_strategy_maps">Origin of strategy maps</h2></div>

<p>The Balanced Scorecard is a framework that is used to help in the design and implementation of strategic performance management tools within organizations.

</p><p>One of the big challenges faced in the design of Balanced Scorecard-based <a href="Performance_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance management">performance management</a> systems is deciding what activities and outcomes to monitor. By providing a simple visual representation of the strategic objectives to be focused on, along with additional visual cues in the form of the perspectives and causal arrows, the strategy map has been found useful in enabling discussion within a management team about what objectives to choose, and subsequently to support discussion of the actual performance achieved.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perspectives">Perspectives</h2></div>

<p>Very early Balanced Scorecard articles by Robert S. Kaplan and David P. Norton proposed a simple design method for choosing the content of the Balanced Scorecard based on answers to four generic questions about the strategy to be pursued by the organization.<sup id="cite_ref-hbrarticle_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hbrarticle-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These four questions, one about finances, one about marketing, one about <a href="Business_process" title="Business process">processes</a>, and one about <a href="Organizational_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizational development">organizational development</a> evolved quickly into a standard set of "perspectives" ("Financial", "Customer", "Internal Business Processes", "Learning & Growth").

</p><p>Design of a Balanced Scorecard became a process of selecting a small number of objectives in each perspective, and then choosing measures and targets to inform on progress against this objective. But very quickly it was realized that the perspective headings chosen only worked for specific organisations (small to medium-sized firms in North America - the target market of the <a href="Harvard_Business_Review" title="Harvard Business Review">Harvard Business Review</a>), and during the mid to late 1990s papers began to be published arguing that other sets of headings would make more sense for specific organization types,<sup id="cite_ref-butlerarticle_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-butlerarticle-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that some organisations would benefit from using more or less than four headings.<sup id="cite_ref-prismarticle_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prismarticle-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Despite these concerns, the 'standard' set of perspectives remains the most common, and traditionally is arrayed on the strategy map in the sequence (from bottom to top) "Learning & Growth", "Internal Business Processes", "Customer", "Financial" with causal arrows tending to flow "up" the page.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The 'standard' set of perspectives is arranged in the sequence (bottom to top) to allow a sequential linkage from the investment perspective of Learning and Growth to the outcome perspectives of Customer and Financial. A well-designed strategy map will allow the author to 'tell a story' from the bottom to the top along the lines of "If we invest in (training, education etc) it will allow us to improve our Internal Processes which will impact our Customers (in a positive way) and improve our Financial results. In other words, Learning and Growth drive Internal Process change which impacts Customer Satisfaction which in turn improves Profitability. In the early part of the century, it was recognized that the perspective Learning and Growth was lacking significant investment areas, that of infrastructure and IT. Today, the lower-most perspective has been renamed to Organisational Capacity.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Links_between_the_strategy_map_and_strategy_development">Links between the strategy map and strategy development</h2></div>

<p>The strategy map is a device that promotes three stages of conversation during the strategy development, implementation and learning process

</p>

<ul><li>First to capture a strategy from a management team. To promote discussion amongst that team on the strategy, so they all leave the room telling the same story of their strategy.</li>

<li>Secondly to communicate the strategy, focus organization efforts, and choose appropriate measures to report on an organisation's progress in implementing a strategy.</li>

<li>Finally to provide a basis to review and potentially revise the strategy, (not simply the measures or targets) and support conversations and decision making, as the team learn from the strategy's implementation.</li></ul>

<p>Over the years many have suggested that it can be used as, in part, a strategy development tool.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaplan & Norton in their book <i>The Strategy Focused Organisation</i> argue that organisations could adopt 'industry standard' templates (basically a set of pre-determined strategic objectives).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Third-generation_balanced_scorecard" title="Third-generation balanced scorecard">Third-generation balanced scorecard</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFKaplanNorton1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="Robert_S._Kaplan" title="Robert S. Kaplan">Kaplan, Robert S.</a>; <a href="David_P._Norton" title="David P. Norton">Norton, David P.</a> (1996), "Linking the Balanced Scorecard to Strategy.", <i>California Management Review</i>, <b>39</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">53–</span>79, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F41165876">10.2307/41165876</a>, <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41165876">41165876</a>, <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15409777">15409777</a></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKaplanNorton1996" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Robert S; Norton, David P. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balancedscorecar00kapl/page/30"><i>The Balanced Scorecard, Translating Strategy into Action</i></a>. USA: Harvard Business Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balancedscorecar00kapl/page/30">30–32 and 148–150</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-87584-651-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKaplanNorton2001" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Robert s.; Norton, David P. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strategyfocusedo00kapl_0"><i>The Strategy Focused Organization</i></a>. USA: Harvard Business School Publishing. pp. Chapters 3, 4, 5 pp69-160. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-57851-250-6</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKaplanNorton2004" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Robert p.; Norton, David P. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strategymaps00robe"><i>Strategy Maps, Converting intangible assets into tangible outcomes</i></a>. USA: Harvard Business School Publishing. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-59139-134-2</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-owbook-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-owbook_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOlveRoyWetter1999" class="citation cs2">Olve, Nils-Goran; Roy, Jan; Wetter, Magnus (1999), <i>Performance Drivers: A practical guide to using the Balanced Scorecard</i>, John Wiley & Sons</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3garticle-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3garticle_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLawrieCobbold2004" class="citation cs2">Lawrie, Gavin J. G.; Cobbold, Ian (2004), "Third-generation Balanced Scorecard: evolution of an effective strategic control tool", <i>International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management</i>, <b>53</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">611–</span>623, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F17410400410561231">10.1108/17410400410561231</a></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-hbrarticle-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hbrarticle_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKaplanNorton1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="Robert_S._Kaplan" title="Robert S. Kaplan">Kaplan, Robert S.</a>; <a href="David_P._Norton" title="David P. Norton">Norton, David P.</a> (Jan–Feb 1992), "The Balanced Scorecard – Measures that Drive Performance", <i>Harvard Business Review</i>, <b>70</b> (1)</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-butlerarticle-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-butlerarticle_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFButlerLetzaNeale1997" class="citation cs2">Butler, A.; Letza, S. R.; Neale, B. (1997), "Linking the Balanced Scorecard to Strategy", <i>International Journal of Strategic Management</i>, <b>30</b> (2)</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-prismarticle-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-prismarticle_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKennerleyNeely2000" class="citation cs2">Kennerley, M.; Neely, A. D. (2000), "Performance Measurement Frameworks – A Review", <i>Proceedings, 2nd International Conference on Performance Measurement, Cambridge, UK</i></cite></span>

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<cite id="CITEREFKaplanNorton2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Robert_S._Kaplan" title="Robert S. Kaplan">Kaplan, Robert S.</a>; Norton, David P. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strategymaps00robe/page/7"><i>Strategy Maps: Converting Intangible Assets into Tangible Outcomes</i></a>. Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Harvard Business School Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strategymaps00robe/page/7">7</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-59139-134-2</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLueg2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lueg, Rainer (20 April 2015). "Strategy maps: the essential link between the balanced scorecard and action". <i>Journal of Business Strategy</i>. <b>36</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">34–</span>40. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FJBS-10-2013-0101">10.1108/JBS-10-2013-0101</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKaplanNorton1992" class="citation journal cs1">Kaplan, Robert S.; Norton, David P. (January–February 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hbr.org/1992/01/the-balanced-scorecard-measures-that-drive-performance-2">"The Balanced Scorecard—Measures That Drive Performance"</a>. <i>Harvard Business Review</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Strategic_planning_tools28" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Strategic_planning_tools28" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Strategic_planning" title="Strategic planning">Strategic planning</a> tools</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ansoff_matrix" title="Ansoff matrix">Ansoff matrix</a></li>

<li><a href="Balanced_scorecard" title="Balanced scorecard">Balanced scorecard</a></li>

<li><a href="Bowman's_Strategy_Clock" title="Bowman's Strategy Clock">Bowman's Strategy Clock</a></li>

<li><a href="Business_Model_Canvas" class="mw-redirect" title="Business Model Canvas">Business Model Canvas</a></li>

<li><a href="Competitor_analysis" title="Competitor analysis">Competitor analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Growth%E2%80%93share_matrix" title="Growth–share matrix">Growth–share matrix</a></li>

<li><a href="Managerial_grid_model" title="Managerial grid model">Managerial grid model</a></li>

<li><a href="Market_Opportunity_Navigator" title="Market Opportunity Navigator">Market Opportunity Navigator</a></li>

<li><a href="MECE_principle" title="MECE principle">MECE principle</a></li>

<li><a href="Pareto_priority_index" title="Pareto priority index">Pareto priority index</a></li>

<li><a href="PEST_analysis" title="PEST analysis">PEST analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Porter's_five_forces_analysis" title="Porter's five forces analysis">Porter's five forces analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Scenario_planning" title="Scenario planning">Scenario planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Segmenting-targeting-positioning" title="Segmenting-targeting-positioning">Segmenting-targeting-positioning</a></li>

<li><a href="SWOT_analysis" title="SWOT analysis">SWOT analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Kraljic_matrix" title="Kraljic matrix">Kraljic matrix</a></li>

<li><a href="Strategic_grid_model" title="Strategic grid model">Strategic grid model</a></li>

<li><a href="Structure_follows_Strategy" title="Structure follows Strategy">Structure follows Strategy</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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